Frequently Asked Questions
Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are responsible for a number of problems with water supplies. Above 0.3 mg/L iron and 0.05 mg/L manganese, these contaminants cause aesthetic problems such as discolouration of water, turbidity, staining and unpleasant taste. The presence of iron and manganese can also accelerate biological activity further exacerbating taste, odour and colour problems.
Chlorine dioxide selectively oxidises the relatively soluble Fe (II) and Mn (II) to insoluble Fe (III) and Mn (III or IV) species. The resulting precipitate of insoluble iron and manganese compounds are removed by fi ltration or sedimentation followed by filtration. Any remaining Fe (II) and Mn (II) is removed by hydrated iron and manganese species coated on the filter media where the trapped ions are oxidised to the insoluble form.
In addition, chlorine dioxide can oxidise organic complexing agents which assist in keeping iron and manganese in solution. In some cases, the chlorine dioxide works by destroying biofilms that encapsulate organically bound metal ions preventing them from being oxidised by conventional oxidising biocides.
Iron
Many industrial processes cannot tolerate the presence of iron in the feed water. The problem may be unacceptable colour or taste (in food related industries) or it may be the presence of iron promotes unacceptable growth of bacteria.
Chlorine dioxide rapidly oxidises Fe(II) to Fe(III) which then precipitates as iron hydroxide:
ClO2 + 5Fe(HCO3)2 + 3H2O 5Fe(OH)3 + 10CO2 + H+ + Cl-
Optimum reaction conditions are neutral to slightly alkaline. Above pH 5, approximately 1.2mg/L chlorine dioxide is required to remove 1.0mg/L iron. The resulting precipitate is reported to be 99% removed by a 45-micron sieve above pH 5.
Manganese
Above a concentration of 0.05mg/L, manganese causes “black” water, discolouration of laundry, encrustation of water mains, deposits on taps and industrial machinery as well as adversely affecting the taste of drinking water and beverages. Chlorine has been used to control these problems but the reaction rate is very slow and manganese can still be present at unacceptable levels even after 24 hours contact with chlorine.
Chlorine dioxide rapidly oxidises manganese to manganese dioxide which can then be removed by filtration at the treatment plant. Reaction is complete in less than 5 minutes under favourable conditions.
Optimum reaction conditions are neutral to slightly alkaline:
Above pH 7: Mn2 + ClO2 + 4OH- + MnO2 + 2ClO2- + 2H2O
Below pH 7: 5Mn2+ + 2ClO2 + 6H2O + 5MnO2 + 12H+ + 2Cl-
Above pH 7, it requires approximately 2.45mg/L chlorine dioxide to remove 1.0mg/L manganese.
Dose Rates
Dose rates will depend on the level of contamination of iron and manganese and other species present in the water as well as the degree of control required.
As a general rule, CleanOxide Liquid 75 should be dosed continuously upstream of the filtration system allowing CleanOxide Liquid 75 and complete oxidation of the iron and manganese species. pH control may also be necessary to ensure optimum removal of iron and manganese.
CleanOxide should not be dosed with lime or activated carbon which will inactivate the chlorine dioxide. If chlorine dioxide is also being used as a disinfectant, further dosing of CleanOxide Liquid 75 after the filtration step may be required particularly if an activated carbon filter is used.
The table below can be used as a guide to estimate the minimum amount of CleanOxide 75 required per megalitre (million litres) of water to remove iron and manganese. If both are present, as is often the case, the quantity of CleanOxide required is the sum of the amounts for each individual contaminant.
Approximate volume of CleanOxide Liquid 75 required to remove iron and manganese from water at pH > 7
| Iron (mg/L) | CleanOxide Liquid 75 (L/ML water) |
|---|---|
| 0.1 | 16 |
| 0.2 | 32 |
| 0.3 | 48 |
| 0.4 | 64 |
| 0.5 | 80 |
| 1.0 | 160 |
| Manganese (mg/L) | CleanOxide Liquid 75 (L/ML water) |
|---|---|
| 0.01 | 3.3 |
| 0.02 | 6.5 |
| 0.05 | 16 |
| 0.1 | 33 |
| 0.2 | 65 |
| 0.5 | 160 |
For further advice on applications of CleanOxide 75, contact us to discuss your specific requirements.
Conventional methods of generating chlorine dioxide have in the past limited the use of chlorine dioxide. These limitations included the cost of the equipment, the complexity and hazards of generating and handling chlorine dioxide safely and the accompanying by-products including chlorine, chlorites and chlorates.
The presence of chlorine in chlorine dioxide generated by classical methods was responsible for the perception that chlorine dioxide is a corrosive substance. Chlorine dioxide generated by acidifying sodium chlorite solutions (sometimes called stabilised chlorine dioxide) can also be highly corrosive due to the presence of excess acid.
Pure chlorine dioxide whether present as a gas or as a solution in water is not corrosive. Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyse in water to form acidic compounds – it remains in solution as chlorine dioxide.
For more information about corrosion – please click here.
CleanOxide Part A (P) and CleanOxide Part B are allowed to react for approximately seven hours before CleanOxide Liquid 75 is ready to dose into the water supply. In practice, sufficient product is mixed every day to treat the required volume of drinking water.
Plant capacity can be increased by installing more than one holding tank for CleanOxide Liquid 75 or the frequency of filling and discharging the holding tank can be increased (up to three times per day is possible).
The preparation plant itself is constructed from HDPE with HDPE or PVC pipes. The preferred material for the wetted parts of pumps is Teflon for maximum durability.
The operation of the preparation plant is under the control of a plc and can be remotely monitored if required. Cross checks on the operation of the preparation plant can be carried out to ensure the quality and integrity of the CleanOxide Liquid 75 produced by monitoring both the volume of raw materials delivered to the mixing vessel and the weight of material delivered.
Experience in Europe suggests that treatment rates of 0.1 to 0.3mg/L chlorine dioxide are adequate where water quality is high.
Lower quality water or water containing impurities that consume chlorine dioxide (such as manganese or iron) may require considerably higher doses to achieve satisfactory levels of disinfection. As a general rule, water that requires higher levels of conventional chlorination will also require higher levels of treatment with CleanOxide.
When chlorine is the primary disinfectant, 0.05 to 0.2mg/L chlorine dioxide is usually adequate to control undesirable taste and odour problems.
When treating any system with chlorine dioxide for the first time, it is usually necessary to “shock dose” the system at a rate at least double the maintenance rate required.
The reason for the shock dose is to remove biofilm that has built up in the system and not controlled by conventional chlorination.
The exact amount of the shock dose required and the duration of the shock treatment is site specific and will depend on many factors.
Experience suggests one to two days at a high dose followed by one to two days at a moderate dose is adequate to flush most systems that have been well maintained on a conventional chlorine disinfection routine.
The Table below illustrates the volume of CleanOxide Part A (P) and Part B required per megalitre (ML) of drinking water per day at 0.1 to 1.25mg/L chlorine dioxide.
The volume of CleanOxide 75 produced when these materials are mixed is also included in the Table.
Volume of CleanOxide Part A (P) and CleanOxide Part B required per megalitre (ML) of water per day
| Dose Rate(mg/L) | Part A (P)(L/day) | Part B(L/day) | Water mixed with Part A(L/day) | CleanOxide 75(L/day) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1 | 0.67 | 1.33 | 11.3 | 13.3 |
| 0.2 | 1.33 | 2.66 | 22.71 | 26.7 |
| 0.3 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 34 | 40 |
| 0.5 | 3.35 | 6.70 | 56.95 | 67 |
| 1.0 | 6.67 | 13.34 | 113.99 | 134 |
| 1.25 | 8.34 | 16.68 | 141.98 | 167 |
In case of extreme discolouration, we recommend using double the normal dosage of CleanOxide Chlorine Dioxide and waiting 48 hours before consuming the treated water.
Alternatively you can reduce the tank water level when using tablets for treatment.
If you are using a shock dose (more than the standard does) we recommend waiting a minimum of 48 hours before consuming the water.
Especially following the first treatment, we recommend that you flush the lines as biofilm might have dislodged during and after the treatment.
For example: 1 x 20g tablet to treat 1000L and 1 x 4g tablet to treat 200L. We recommend then leaving the water for 48 hours before it is consumed.
1 X 20g CleanOxide tablet treats up to 2000L water
1 X 4g CleanOxide tablets treats up to 400L water
Use our calculator to work out the best dosage for your situation.
If you are treating more water than is stipulated, you can use a larger quantity of tablets but we recommend waiting 48 hours until consuming the water. This will enable the excess dosage to break down naturally.
I.e. if you’re treating 3000L use 2 x 20g tablets and wait 48 hours before consuming.
If you are using a large quantity of tablets we recommend you first add the tablets to an empty bucket or container and then distribute evenly into the water source. Alternatively add the tablets to a nylon or hessian bag and suspend in the water body. We recommend dosing in the evening for best result.
Therefore the chlorine dioxide concentration needed to effectively kill micro-organisms is lower than non-oxidizing disinfectant concentrations. Micro-organisms cannot built up any resistance against chlorine dioxide.
Chlorine dioxide is permitted as a processing aid in packaged water and water used as an ingredient in other food.
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA)
Chlorine dioxide is exempt from the requirements for approval of a technical grade active constituent.
Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (the ADWG) published by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC) in 2004 are not mandatory standards but provide a basis for determining drinking water quality.
Chlorine dioxide has been approved by NHMRC for use in disinfecting drinking water since 2005. The ADWG recommends a maximum of 1mg/L for chlorine dioxide on health grounds and a maximum of 0.4mg/L on aesthetic grounds (taste).
According to the ADWG, drinking water may need to be dosed at 1 to 1.25mg/L chlorine dioxide to achieve a residual concentration of 0.4mg/L.
The main impurities associated with chlorine dioxide are chlorite and chlorate. The ADWG recommends a maximum value of 0.3mg/L chlorite on health grounds but currently does not have any recommendation in relation to chlorate due to insufficient data being available. New guidelines are expected to be published in the near future which will recommend a maximum value for chlorite of 0.8mg/L and 0.3mg /L for chlorate.
These guidelines have been developed by reference to conventional methods of generating chlorine dioxide that are associated with high levels of both chlorite and chlorate.
CleanOxide Liquid 75 is a solution of 7500mg/L chlorine dioxide with a maximum chlorite concentration of 75mg/L. At the maximum dose rate of 1.25mg/L chlorine dioxide suggested by ADWG, chlorite concentration from CleanOxide 75 would be less than 0.0125mg/L, far below the recommended maximum.
National Health and Medical Research Council
Chlorine dioxide is approved for disinfection of drinking water in Australia (National Water Quality Management Strategy, Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6, 2004, National Health and Medical Research Council)
US EPA
US EPA has approved chlorine dioxide for the following applications:
- Bactericide and fungicide for hard non-porous surfaces in hospitals, laboratories and medical facilities
- Bactericide and fungicide for instruments in hospitals and dental facilities
- Dental pumice disinfectant
- Disinfection and deodorisation of ventilation systems and air conditioning duct work
- Final sanitising rinse for food contact surfaces in food processing plants, restaurants, dairies, bottling plants and breweries
- Disinfection of environmental surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings in food processing plants, restaurants, dairies, bottling plants and breweries
- Disinfection of water systems aboard aircraft, boats, mobile homes, off -shore drilling rigs, etc.
- General disinfection and deodorisation of animal confinement buildings such as kennels, barns, pig pens and poultry farms
Treatment of stored potable water - Sanitising rinse for uncut, unpeeled fruit and vegetables
USDA
- P-1 approval for bacterial and mould control on environmental surfaces in federally inspected meat and poultry processing plants
- D-2 approval as final sanitising rinse not requiring a water flush on all food contact surfaces in food processing plants
More information
For more information, see the Australian Government Department of the Environment website.
Their differences are as profound as those between hydrogen, the explosive gas, and hydrogen combined with oxygen, which creates di-hydrogen oxide – commonly called water.
CleanOxide™ is 99.9% pure stabilised Chlorine Dioxide and generates no harmful By-products. Furthermore it’s effective over a wide pH band from 4 to 10.
In contrast, Chlorine changes the taste and odour of water. Chlorination will also produce harmful by-products called Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Bromates which are carcinogenic.
Moreover, Chlorine will not remove biofilm, is more corrosive, environmentally unsound, may not be used at temperatures of 40°C or over and has a very narrow pH band within which it has any useful action (6.5 to 7.5).
For more information – please click here
Since this action occurs regardless of the metabolic state of the organism, oxidising biocides are effective against dormant organisms and spores (Giardia Cysts and Poliovirus).
Chlorine Dioxide is highly soluble in water as well as in a variety of organic material. Because it is so soluble, Chlorine Dioxide penetrates through materials that protect micro-organisms from other biocides.
For example, in water systems, bacteria can be protected by a polysaccharide film (biofilm). Chlorine has difficulty penetrating this barrier because of its ionic nature in water. However, Chlorine Dioxide readily penetrates through this layer to kill underlying organisms.
Frequently Asked Questions
Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are responsible for a number of problems with water supplies. Above 0.3 mg/L iron and 0.05 mg/L manganese, these contaminants cause aesthetic problems such as discolouration of water, turbidity, staining and unpleasant taste. The presence of iron and manganese can also accelerate biological activity further exacerbating taste, odour and colour problems.
Chlorine dioxide selectively oxidises the relatively soluble Fe (II) and Mn (II) to insoluble Fe (III) and Mn (III or IV) species. The resulting precipitate of insoluble iron and manganese compounds are removed by fi ltration or sedimentation followed by filtration. Any remaining Fe (II) and Mn (II) is removed by hydrated iron and manganese species coated on the filter media where the trapped ions are oxidised to the insoluble form.
In addition, chlorine dioxide can oxidise organic complexing agents which assist in keeping iron and manganese in solution. In some cases, the chlorine dioxide works by destroying biofilms that encapsulate organically bound metal ions preventing them from being oxidised by conventional oxidising biocides.
Iron
Many industrial processes cannot tolerate the presence of iron in the feed water. The problem may be unacceptable colour or taste (in food related industries) or it may be the presence of iron promotes unacceptable growth of bacteria.
Chlorine dioxide rapidly oxidises Fe(II) to Fe(III) which then precipitates as iron hydroxide:
ClO2 + 5Fe(HCO3)2 + 3H2O 5Fe(OH)3 + 10CO2 + H+ + Cl-
Optimum reaction conditions are neutral to slightly alkaline. Above pH 5, approximately 1.2mg/L chlorine dioxide is required to remove 1.0mg/L iron. The resulting precipitate is reported to be 99% removed by a 45-micron sieve above pH 5.
Manganese
Above a concentration of 0.05mg/L, manganese causes “black” water, discolouration of laundry, encrustation of water mains, deposits on taps and industrial machinery as well as adversely affecting the taste of drinking water and beverages. Chlorine has been used to control these problems but the reaction rate is very slow and manganese can still be present at unacceptable levels even after 24 hours contact with chlorine.
Chlorine dioxide rapidly oxidises manganese to manganese dioxide which can then be removed by filtration at the treatment plant. Reaction is complete in less than 5 minutes under favourable conditions.
Optimum reaction conditions are neutral to slightly alkaline:
Above pH 7: Mn2 + ClO2 + 4OH- + MnO2 + 2ClO2- + 2H2O
Below pH 7: 5Mn2+ + 2ClO2 + 6H2O + 5MnO2 + 12H+ + 2Cl-
Above pH 7, it requires approximately 2.45mg/L chlorine dioxide to remove 1.0mg/L manganese.
Dose Rates
Dose rates will depend on the level of contamination of iron and manganese and other species present in the water as well as the degree of control required.
As a general rule, CleanOxide Liquid 75 should be dosed continuously upstream of the filtration system allowing CleanOxide Liquid 75 and complete oxidation of the iron and manganese species. pH control may also be necessary to ensure optimum removal of iron and manganese.
CleanOxide should not be dosed with lime or activated carbon which will inactivate the chlorine dioxide. If chlorine dioxide is also being used as a disinfectant, further dosing of CleanOxide Liquid 75 after the filtration step may be required particularly if an activated carbon filter is used.
The table below can be used as a guide to estimate the minimum amount of CleanOxide 75 required per megalitre (million litres) of water to remove iron and manganese. If both are present, as is often the case, the quantity of CleanOxide required is the sum of the amounts for each individual contaminant.
Approximate volume of CleanOxide Liquid 75 required to remove iron and manganese from water at pH > 7
| Iron (mg/L) | CleanOxide Liquid 75 (L/ML water) |
|---|---|
| 0.1 | 16 |
| 0.2 | 32 |
| 0.3 | 48 |
| 0.4 | 64 |
| 0.5 | 80 |
| 1.0 | 160 |
| Manganese (mg/L) | CleanOxide Liquid 75 (L/ML water) |
|---|---|
| 0.01 | 3.3 |
| 0.02 | 6.5 |
| 0.05 | 16 |
| 0.1 | 33 |
| 0.2 | 65 |
| 0.5 | 160 |
For further advice on applications of CleanOxide 75, contact us to discuss your specific requirements.
Conventional methods of generating chlorine dioxide have in the past limited the use of chlorine dioxide. These limitations included the cost of the equipment, the complexity and hazards of generating and handling chlorine dioxide safely and the accompanying by-products including chlorine, chlorites and chlorates.
The presence of chlorine in chlorine dioxide generated by classical methods was responsible for the perception that chlorine dioxide is a corrosive substance. Chlorine dioxide generated by acidifying sodium chlorite solutions (sometimes called stabilised chlorine dioxide) can also be highly corrosive due to the presence of excess acid.
Pure chlorine dioxide whether present as a gas or as a solution in water is not corrosive. Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyse in water to form acidic compounds – it remains in solution as chlorine dioxide.
For more information about corrosion – please click here.
CleanOxide Part A (P) and CleanOxide Part B are allowed to react for approximately seven hours before CleanOxide Liquid 75 is ready to dose into the water supply. In practice, sufficient product is mixed every day to treat the required volume of drinking water.
Plant capacity can be increased by installing more than one holding tank for CleanOxide Liquid 75 or the frequency of filling and discharging the holding tank can be increased (up to three times per day is possible).
The preparation plant itself is constructed from HDPE with HDPE or PVC pipes. The preferred material for the wetted parts of pumps is Teflon for maximum durability.
The operation of the preparation plant is under the control of a plc and can be remotely monitored if required. Cross checks on the operation of the preparation plant can be carried out to ensure the quality and integrity of the CleanOxide Liquid 75 produced by monitoring both the volume of raw materials delivered to the mixing vessel and the weight of material delivered.
Experience in Europe suggests that treatment rates of 0.1 to 0.3mg/L chlorine dioxide are adequate where water quality is high.
Lower quality water or water containing impurities that consume chlorine dioxide (such as manganese or iron) may require considerably higher doses to achieve satisfactory levels of disinfection. As a general rule, water that requires higher levels of conventional chlorination will also require higher levels of treatment with CleanOxide.
When chlorine is the primary disinfectant, 0.05 to 0.2mg/L chlorine dioxide is usually adequate to control undesirable taste and odour problems.
When treating any system with chlorine dioxide for the first time, it is usually necessary to “shock dose” the system at a rate at least double the maintenance rate required.
The reason for the shock dose is to remove biofilm that has built up in the system and not controlled by conventional chlorination.
The exact amount of the shock dose required and the duration of the shock treatment is site specific and will depend on many factors.
Experience suggests one to two days at a high dose followed by one to two days at a moderate dose is adequate to flush most systems that have been well maintained on a conventional chlorine disinfection routine.
The Table below illustrates the volume of CleanOxide Part A (P) and Part B required per megalitre (ML) of drinking water per day at 0.1 to 1.25mg/L chlorine dioxide.
The volume of CleanOxide 75 produced when these materials are mixed is also included in the Table.
Volume of CleanOxide Part A (P) and CleanOxide Part B required per megalitre (ML) of water per day
| Dose Rate(mg/L) | Part A (P)(L/day) | Part B(L/day) | Water mixed with Part A(L/day) | CleanOxide 75(L/day) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1 | 0.67 | 1.33 | 11.3 | 13.3 |
| 0.2 | 1.33 | 2.66 | 22.71 | 26.7 |
| 0.3 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 34 | 40 |
| 0.5 | 3.35 | 6.70 | 56.95 | 67 |
| 1.0 | 6.67 | 13.34 | 113.99 | 134 |
| 1.25 | 8.34 | 16.68 | 141.98 | 167 |
In case of extreme discolouration, we recommend using double the normal dosage of CleanOxide Chlorine Dioxide and waiting 48 hours before consuming the treated water.
Alternatively you can reduce the tank water level when using tablets for treatment.
If you are using a shock dose (more than the standard does) we recommend waiting a minimum of 48 hours before consuming the water.
Especially following the first treatment, we recommend that you flush the lines as biofilm might have dislodged during and after the treatment.
For example: 1 x 20g tablet to treat 1000L and 1 x 4g tablet to treat 200L. We recommend then leaving the water for 48 hours before it is consumed.
1 X 20g CleanOxide tablet treats up to 2000L water
1 X 4g CleanOxide tablets treats up to 400L water
Use our calculator to work out the best dosage for your situation.
If you are treating more water than is stipulated, you can use a larger quantity of tablets but we recommend waiting 48 hours until consuming the water. This will enable the excess dosage to break down naturally.
I.e. if you’re treating 3000L use 2 x 20g tablets and wait 48 hours before consuming.
If you are using a large quantity of tablets we recommend you first add the tablets to an empty bucket or container and then distribute evenly into the water source. Alternatively add the tablets to a nylon or hessian bag and suspend in the water body. We recommend dosing in the evening for best result.
Therefore the chlorine dioxide concentration needed to effectively kill micro-organisms is lower than non-oxidizing disinfectant concentrations. Micro-organisms cannot built up any resistance against chlorine dioxide.
Chlorine dioxide is permitted as a processing aid in packaged water and water used as an ingredient in other food.
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA)
Chlorine dioxide is exempt from the requirements for approval of a technical grade active constituent.
Australian Drinking Water Guidelines
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (the ADWG) published by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC) in 2004 are not mandatory standards but provide a basis for determining drinking water quality.
Chlorine dioxide has been approved by NHMRC for use in disinfecting drinking water since 2005. The ADWG recommends a maximum of 1mg/L for chlorine dioxide on health grounds and a maximum of 0.4mg/L on aesthetic grounds (taste).
According to the ADWG, drinking water may need to be dosed at 1 to 1.25mg/L chlorine dioxide to achieve a residual concentration of 0.4mg/L.
The main impurities associated with chlorine dioxide are chlorite and chlorate. The ADWG recommends a maximum value of 0.3mg/L chlorite on health grounds but currently does not have any recommendation in relation to chlorate due to insufficient data being available. New guidelines are expected to be published in the near future which will recommend a maximum value for chlorite of 0.8mg/L and 0.3mg /L for chlorate.
These guidelines have been developed by reference to conventional methods of generating chlorine dioxide that are associated with high levels of both chlorite and chlorate.
CleanOxide Liquid 75 is a solution of 7500mg/L chlorine dioxide with a maximum chlorite concentration of 75mg/L. At the maximum dose rate of 1.25mg/L chlorine dioxide suggested by ADWG, chlorite concentration from CleanOxide 75 would be less than 0.0125mg/L, far below the recommended maximum.
National Health and Medical Research Council
Chlorine dioxide is approved for disinfection of drinking water in Australia (National Water Quality Management Strategy, Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6, 2004, National Health and Medical Research Council)
US EPA
US EPA has approved chlorine dioxide for the following applications:
- Bactericide and fungicide for hard non-porous surfaces in hospitals, laboratories and medical facilities
- Bactericide and fungicide for instruments in hospitals and dental facilities
- Dental pumice disinfectant
- Disinfection and deodorisation of ventilation systems and air conditioning duct work
- Final sanitising rinse for food contact surfaces in food processing plants, restaurants, dairies, bottling plants and breweries
- Disinfection of environmental surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings in food processing plants, restaurants, dairies, bottling plants and breweries
- Disinfection of water systems aboard aircraft, boats, mobile homes, off -shore drilling rigs, etc.
- General disinfection and deodorisation of animal confinement buildings such as kennels, barns, pig pens and poultry farms
Treatment of stored potable water - Sanitising rinse for uncut, unpeeled fruit and vegetables
USDA
- P-1 approval for bacterial and mould control on environmental surfaces in federally inspected meat and poultry processing plants
- D-2 approval as final sanitising rinse not requiring a water flush on all food contact surfaces in food processing plants
More information
For more information, see the Australian Government Department of the Environment website.
Their differences are as profound as those between hydrogen, the explosive gas, and hydrogen combined with oxygen, which creates di-hydrogen oxide – commonly called water.
CleanOxide™ is 99.9% pure stabilised Chlorine Dioxide and generates no harmful By-products. Furthermore it’s effective over a wide pH band from 4 to 10.
In contrast, Chlorine changes the taste and odour of water. Chlorination will also produce harmful by-products called Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Bromates which are carcinogenic.
Moreover, Chlorine will not remove biofilm, is more corrosive, environmentally unsound, may not be used at temperatures of 40°C or over and has a very narrow pH band within which it has any useful action (6.5 to 7.5).
For more information – please click here
Since this action occurs regardless of the metabolic state of the organism, oxidising biocides are effective against dormant organisms and spores (Giardia Cysts and Poliovirus).
Chlorine Dioxide is highly soluble in water as well as in a variety of organic material. Because it is so soluble, Chlorine Dioxide penetrates through materials that protect micro-organisms from other biocides.
For example, in water systems, bacteria can be protected by a polysaccharide film (biofilm). Chlorine has difficulty penetrating this barrier because of its ionic nature in water. However, Chlorine Dioxide readily penetrates through this layer to kill underlying organisms.